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See also: Package management system and Linux package formatsĭistributions are normally segmented into packages. It is used on over 50% of web servers its current desktop market share is about 3.7%.
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They embraced Linux distributions for their low (or absent) cost, and the availability of the source code for most or all of their software.Īs of 2017, Linux has become more popular in server and embedded-devices markets than the desktop market. Most early adopters were familiar with Unix from work or school.
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Users were attracted to Linux distributions as alternatives to the DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems on IBM PC compatible computers, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh, and proprietary versions of Unix.
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Also dissatisfied with SLS, Ian Murdock set to create a free distribution by founding Debian, first released in December 1993. The SLS distribution was not well maintained, so in July 1993 a new SLS-based distribution, Slackware, was released by Patrick Volkerding. The two oldest, still active distribution projects started in 1993.
Lu's "Boot-root", the aforementioned disk image pair with the kernel and the absolute minimal tools to get started (late 1991) Since the installation procedure was complicated, especially in the face of growing amounts of available software, distributions sprang up to simplify it. Linux was initially distributed as source code only, and later as a pair of downloadable floppy disk images: one bootable and containing the Linux kernel itself, and the other with a set of GNU utilities and tools for setting up a file system. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel and distributed its first version, 0.01, in 1991. Timeline of the development of main Linux distributions Most distributions come ready-to-use and precompiled for a specific instruction set, while some (such as Gentoo) are distributed mostly in source code form and must be compiled locally for installation. There are commercially backed distributions, such as Fedora Linux ( Red Hat), openSUSE ( SUSE) and Ubuntu ( Canonical Ltd.) and entirely community-driven distributions, such as Debian, Slackware, Gentoo and Arch Linux. Because of the huge availability of software, distributions have taken a wide variety of forms, including those suitable for use on desktops, servers, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones and tablets, as well as in minimal environments typically for use in embedded systems. Beside "glue" components, such as the distribution installers (for example, Debian-Installer and Anaconda) and the package management systems, very few packages are actually written by a distribution's maintainers.Īlmost one thousand Linux distributions exist.
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The software packages are available online in repositories, which are storage locations usually distributed around the world. The software is usually adapted to the distribution and then combined into software packages by the distribution's maintainers. Ī Linux distribution may also be described as a particular assortment of application and utility software (various GNU tools and libraries, for example), packaged with the Linux kernel in such a way that its capabilities meet many users' needs. Usually, Linux distributions optionally include some proprietary software that may not be available in source code form, such as binary blobs required for some device drivers. Most of the included software is free and open-source software made available both as compiled binaries and in source code form, allowing modifications to the original software. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).Ī typical Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries, additional software, documentation, a window system (the most common being the X Window System, or, more recently, Wayland), a window manager, and a desktop environment. Ubuntu, one of the most popular desktop Linux distributionsĪ Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that includes the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system.
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